Manual Transmission/Transaxle: Description and Operation

1. Engine
2. Clutch
3. Input shaft (main shaft)
4. Front differential
5. Speedometer drive (electronic)
6. Front drive pinion (output shaft)
7. Transmission
8. Hollow shaft
9. Torsen differential
10. Driveshaft
11. Rear drive pinion
12. Rear differential
I 1st gear
II 2nd gear
II 3rd gear
IV 4th gear
V 5th gear
R - Reverse gear
A1 Front final drive
A2 Rear final drive

Note: Arrows point in forward direction of travel.

Engine output/brake test and towing/tow starting, notes
Performance test on the roller type test stand
Observe the following if a vehicle with All Wheel Drive is to be driven onto a performance test stand:
^ A all wheel test stand with four braking rolls must be used.

Brake test on the roller type test stand
Observe the following if a vehicle with All Wheel Drive is to be driven onto a performance test stand:
^ A slow rotation brake test stand (max. 5.5 km/h) must be used. No gear may be selected during this step.
Tow starting and towing of vehicles

Calculations
Calculating transmission ratios "i"
Transmission ratio
Transmission ratio = No. of teeth driven gear

Ratios Formula
iG = gear ratio ZG2: ZG1
iA = axle ratio ZA2: ZA1
iov = overall ratio iG xiA

Example:
5th gear Final drive
Drive gear ZG1 = 38 ZA1 = 9
Driven gear ZG2 = 30 ZA2 = 35

Calculating:
iG = 30: 38 = 0.789
iA = 35 :9 = 3.889
iov = (30: 38) x (35: 9) = 0.789 x 3.889 = 3.070

Calculating speed "V"
V = n: iov x UA x O.06
n = Engine speed (rpm)
iov = Overall ratio
UA = Dynamic rolling circumference of tyres (m)
V = Road speed (km/h)
Example:
V = 1000: 3.100 x 1.93x = 37 km/h 0.06
The road speed at an engine speed of 1000 rpm in 5th gear is 37 km/h.