Computers and Control Systems: Description and Operation

System Diagram:

The Closed Loop Emission Control System is a computerized fuel, ignition and emission control system designed to maintain fuel economy, good driveability and reduced vehicle emissions. It is known as a "feedback" system. An Electronic Control Module (ECM) monitors data from various sensors and controls functions such as carburetor air/fuel ratio, emission control devices and on-board diagnostics.

The ECM is a computer that judges air/fuel ratio as rich or lean according to oxygen sensor output voltage. Based on oxygen sensor and other input data, the ECM generates a controlling signal to the carburetor mixture control solenoid (duty solenoid), causing it to continuously cycle on and off (duty cycle). By changing the duty cycle, the ECM controls air/fuel ratio adjustments.

The ECM duty cycle control signal is selected from four operational modes:

1. Inhibit mode: Fixed control signal to duty solenoid.
2. WOT (wide open throttle) mode: Pre-programmed duty cycle generated based on engine RPM.
3. Open loop mode: Pre-programmed duty cycle generated based on various parameters (cold oxygen sensor, for example).
4. Closed loop mode: Calculated duty cycle generated based on oxygen sensor and other sensor outputs.

This system incorporates self-diagnostic capability that is monitored via a dash mounted "Check Engine" light. When the system detects a fault in a monitored component and/or circuit, the light will come on and stay on (while the engine is running), alerting the driver to seek service. With intermittent problems, the light may come on and then go out, but a trouble code will be stored in ECM memory if correct parameters are met. The technician can then extract trouble codes from the ECM that will aid in the performance of efficient troubleshooting and repair.

Components can be grouped as ECM input and output devices. Input devices control or produce voltage signals monitored by the ECM. Output devices are components controlled by the ECM.

INPUT DEVICES
MAP sensor and idle switch
Coolant temperature sensor
Ignition coil
Oxygen sensor
Ignition reference pulses
Ignition reference pulses after 10 seconds, part throttle, under load

OUTPUT DEVICES
"Check Engine" light
On-board diagnostics
Fuel cut solenoid
Duty solenoid
AIR VSV
Canister VSV
Fuel cut solenoid MAP sensor VSV