Engine: Description and Operation

ENGINE CLEANLINESS AND CARE
An automobile engine is a combination of many machined, honed, polished and lapped surfaces with tolerances that are measured in the thousandths of a millimeter (ten thousandths of an inch). Accordingly, when any internal engine parts are serviced, care and cleanliness are important. Throughout this section, it should be understood that proper cleaning and protection of machined surfaces and friction areas is part of the repair procedure. This is considered standard shop practice even if not specifically stated.
- A liberal coating of engine oil should be applied to all friction areas during assembly to protect and lubricate the surfaces on initial operation.
- Whenever valve train components, pistons, piston rings, connecting rods, rod bearings, and crankshaft journal bearings are removed for service, they should be retained in order.
- At the time of installation, they should be installed in the same locations and with the same mating surfaces as when removed.
- Battery cables should be disconnected before any major work is performed on the engine. Failure to disconnect cables may result in damage to wire harness or other electrical parts.
- The four cylinders of this engine are identified by numbers; cylinders 1, 2, 3 and 4, as counted from crankshaft pulley.

GENERAL INFORMATION ON ENGINE SERVICE
The following information on engine service should be noted carefully, as it is important in preventing damage and contributing to reliable engine performance:
- When raising or supporting the engine for any reason, do not use a jack under the oil pan. Due to the small clearance between the oil pan and the oil pump strainer, jacking against the oil pan may cause damage to the oil pick up unit.
- The 12-volt electrical system is capable of damaging circuits. When performing any work where electrical terminals could possibly be grounded, the ground cable of the battery should be disconnected at the battery.
- Any time the intake air duct or air cleaner is removed, the intake opening should be covered. This will protect against accidental entrance of foreign material into the cylinder which could cause extensive damage when the engine is started.

CYLINDER BLOCK
The cylinder block is made of cast iron. The crankshaft is supported by five bearings. The bearing cap is made of nodular cast iron.

CYLINDER HEAD
The cylinder head is made of aluminum alloy casting with a spark plug in the center.

VALVE TRAIN
Valve system is direct-acting inverted bucket tappet. The valves clearance adjustment are hydraulic.
Hydraulic valve lash adjustment, no adjustment necessary.

INTAKE MANIFOLD
The intake manifold is made of aluminum alloy.

EXHAUST MANIFOLD
The exhaust manifold is made of high Si-Mo nodular iron.

PISTONS AND CONNECTING RODS
Aluminum pistons are used after selecting the grade that meets the cylinder bore diameter. Each piston has two compression rings and one oil ring. The piston pin is made of case-hardened steel. The connecting rods are made of cast iron. The connecting rod bearings are made of steel backed with babbitt metal.

CRANKSHAFT AND BEARINGS
The crankshaft is made of nodular cast iron. Pins and journals are graded for correct size selection for their bearing.

BALANCE SHAFT
Type is lanchester (twin counter-rotating shafts). The balance shafts are made of cast iron and gears are hard faced. The housing is made of cast iron. Backlash adjustment method is shim-balancer housing to block (selective fit).