Description
General
A number of different types of data bus can be incorporated into vehicle wiring harnesses for the transmission of commands and information between ECU's. Some of the buses are installed as a network connecting several ECU's together and some are installed as dedicated links between pairs of ECU's. The bus configuration installed on a particular vehicle depends on the model and equipment level.
Controller Area Network (CAN)
Description
The TCM is a CAN based control module. It can communicate directly with all the other CAN users, those being the traction control unit, the ECM and the instrument pack. In addition to vehicle data (i.e. data about vehicle conditions e.g. engine speed) the network carries data specifically for error checking of the vehicle data messages. The TCM uses this data to confirm that the communications network is functioning correctly.
The TCM forms a bi-directional terminated node on a twisted pair ring bus configuration. This configuration requires all CAN users to be connected at all times, as each unit completes the ring. The TCM will not operate correctly without CAN present. If messages that are expected by the TCM are not being received (all modules transmit some data on a regular basis) or messages are proven to be repeatedly corrupt, the TCM will register an appropriate network failure. If the failure is identified on two consecutive drive cycles then the appropriate DTC is logged.
Freelander incorporates the following data bus systems:
^ Controller Area Network (CAN) bus. A network connected between the instrument pack, the ABS and powertrain related ECU's
^ Diagnostic D52 bus
^ 1S0 9141 K line
Serial interface circuits in the ECU's transmit and receive commands and information on the buses as digital messages. ECU's connected to the same bus use a common protocol (format) and baud rate (transmission speed) for the messages they transmit. The protocol and baud rate vary from bus to bus.
Not all system ECU's are connected to the CAN bus system but they may require information that is being transmitted on the CAN bus system. The instrument pack acts as a gateway translating CAN bus signals into a format compatible with non CAN ECU's. Some signals are also converted from their existing state into the CAN format and transmitted on the CAN bus system for use by CAN based ECU's, for example the air conditioning pressure sensor reading is converted by the instrument pack and sent via CAN to the respective engine management system.
A twisted pair of wires are used for the CAN bus and single wires are used for the diagnostic buses. Bus wires can be repaired using the recommended connectors and the recommended procedure. The unwound length of CAN bus wires must not exceed 40 mm (1.6 in). If a fault is suspected on the CAN bus system it must be diagnosed and rectified using TestBook/T4.
Data Bus Types:
CAN Bus
The CAN bus is a high speed broadcast network where the ECU's automatically transmit information on the bus every few microseconds. The two wires of the bus are identified as CAN Low (L) and CAN High (H), and are twisted together to minimize the electromagnetic interference (noise) produced by the CAN messages. To prevent message errors from electrical reflections, 120 ohm resistors are incorporated into the CAN wire terminals of the instrument pack and the Engine Control Module (ECM).
Messages consist of a signal which is simultaneously transmitted, in opposite phase, on both wires. CAN L switches between 2.5 and 1.5 volts while CAN H switches between 2.5 and 3.5 volts, which causes the potential difference between the two lines to switch between 0 volt (logic 1) and 2 volts (logic 0) to produce the digital signal message.
CAN Bus Switching:
CAN Message Transmission
Messages transmitted via the CAN system are made up of eight data bytes and transmitted using a baud rate of 5,000 k bits per second. The twisted pair of wires used are coloured yellow and black (CAN_H) and yellow and brown (CAN_L).
The following table lists the signals transmitted via the CAN system illustrating the system originating the message and the message recipient:
CAN Message Transmission, Part 1:
CAN Message Transmission, Part 2:
Diagnostic Buses
The diagnostic buses connect the diagnostic socket to the ECU's on the CAN bus and to individual system ECU's.
The diagnostic buses enable fault diagnosis, system testing and vehicle configuration.
Diagnostic Socket (C0040):
ISO 9141 K Line
The ISO 9141 K line connects the diagnostic socket to the majority of the ECU's fitted to the vehicle. The protocol used means that non TestBook/T4 diagnostic equipment, such as scan tools, can be used to access SRS and emission related faults stored in the ECU memories.
DS2 Bus
The DS2 bus connects the diagnostic socket to the immobilization ECU. The protocol used means that only TestBook/T4 can communicate with the immobilization system.