Compressor HVAC: Description and Operation
GENERAL INFORMATION1. The V-6 variable compressor differs from previous units. The vent temperatures of the V-6 variable compressor do not drop too far below 5 °C (41 °F) when:
^ evaporator intake air temperature is less than 20 °C (68 °F)
^ engine is running at speeds less than 1,500 rpm.
This is because the V-6 compressor provides a means of "capacity" control.
2. The V-6 variable compressor provides refrigerant control under varying conditions. When ambient temperatures are low, it may not produce high refrigerant pressure discharge (compared to previous units).
3. A "clanking" sound may occasionally be heard during refrigerant charge. The sound indicates that the tilt angle of the swash plate has changed and is not a problem.
4. For air conditioning systems with the V-6 compressor, the clutch remains engaged unless: the system main switch, fan switch or ignition switch is turned OFF. When ambient (outside) temperatures are low or when the amount of refrigerant is insufficient, the clutch is disengaged to protect the compressor.
5. A constant range of suction pressure is maintained when engine speed is greater than a certain value. It normally ranges from 147 to 177 kPa (1.5 to 1.8 kg/Sq.cm, 21 to 26 psi) under varying conditions. In previous compressors, however, suction pressure was reduced with increases in engine speed.
DESCRIPTION
General
The variable compressor is basically a swash plate type that changes piston stroke in response to the required cooling capacity.
The tilt of the swash plate allows the piston's stroke to change so that refrigerant discharge can be continuously changed from 10.5 to 165 cu.cm (0.641 to 10.07 cu.in).
Operation
1. Operation control valve
Operation control valve is located in the suction port (low-pressure) side, and opens or closes in response to changes in refrigerant suction pressure.
Operation of the valve controls the internal pressure of the crankcase.
The angle of the swash plate is controlled between the crankcase's internal pressure and the piston cylinder pressure.
2. Maximum cooling
Refrigerant pressure on the low-pressure side increases with an increase in heat loads.
When this occurs, the control valve's bellows compress to open the low-pressure side valve and close the high-pressure side valve.
This causes the following pressure changes:
^ the crankcase's internal pressure to equal the pressure on the low-pressure side;
^ the cylinder's internal pressure to be greater than the crankcase's internal pressure. Under this condition, the swash plate is set to the maximum stroke position.
3. Capacity control
^ Refrigerant pressure on suction side is low during high speed driving or when ambient or interior temperature is low.
^ The bellows expands when refrigerant pressure on the suction pressure side drops below approximately 177 kPa (1.8 kg/Sq.cm, 26 psi).
Since suction pressure is low, it makes the suction port close and the discharge port open. Thus, crankcase pressure becomes high as high pressure enters the crankcase.
^ The force acts around the journal pin near the swash plate, and is generated by the pressure difference before and behind the piston.
The drive lug and journal pin are located where the piston generates the highest pressure. Piston pressure is between suction pressure Ps and discharge pressure Pd, which is near suction pressure Ps. If crankcase pressure Pc rises due to capacity control, the force around the journal pin makes the swash plate angle decrease and also the piston stroke decrease. In other words, crankcase pressure increase triggers pressure difference between the piston and the crankcase. The pressure difference changes the angle of the swash plate.
FICD CONTROL SYSTEM
General
With the variable displacement compressor, the compressor power requirements differ from when the ambient temperature is high and maximum cooling effect is required (i.e., when refrigerating load is large and the tilt angle of the compressor swash plate is large) to when the ambient temperature is low and less cooling effect is required (i.e., when refrigerating load is small and the tilt angle of the swash plate is small). To correspond correctly to this change in compressor power requirements, it is also necessary to control the operation of the IACV-FICD according to the refrigerating load. Thus, an ambient air temperature switch is provided on the front face of the condenser so that the IACV-FICD can be controlled depending on the ambient temperature.
Operation
When the air conditioner is OFF, the ECM (ECCS control module) detects the load applied to the engine, and controls the IACV-AAC valve to adjust the engine idling speed to the appropriate rpm by supplying additional air from the IACV-AAC valve.
When the air conditioner is ON ([1][2]A/C relay is ON), and when the ambient air temperature switch is ON (this switch turns ON automatically when the ambient temperature rises to approx. 25.0 °C (77 °F) or higher), the IACV-FICD solenoid valve is energized and additional air is supplied to the engine.
If the appropriate engine speed is not reached, the IACV-AAC valve supplies the additional air required to increase the engine rpm.
If the ambient air temperature switch is OFF [this switch turns OFF when the ambient temperature is below 19.0 °C (66 °F)] even when the air conditioner is ON ([1][2]A/C relay is ON), the IACV-FICD solenoid valve is deenergized, and the idling speed is controlled so that the appropriate rpm can be achieved by operation of the IACV-AAC valve only.